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Crop wild relative
A crop wild relative (CWR) is a wild plant closely related to a domesticated plant, whose geographic origins can be traced to regions known as Vavilov Centers (named for the pioneering botanist Nikolai Vavilov). It may be a wild ancestor of the domesticated plant, or another closely related taxon.
==Overview==
The wild relatives of crop plants constitute an increasingly important resource for improving agricultural production and for maintaining sustainable agro-ecosystems.〔Bioversity International, (2006). ''Crop wild relatives''. Bioversity International, Rome.〕〔FAO, (1998). ''The State of the World’s Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture''. FAO, Rome〕〔FAO, (2008). ''Establishment of a global network for the in situ conservation of crop wild relatives: status and needs''. FAO, Rome〕 With the advent of climate change and greater ecosystem instability CWRs are likely to prove a critical resource in ensuring food security for the new millennium.〔Maxted, N., Ford-Lloyd, B.V. and Kell, S.P., (2008). Crop wild relatives: establishing the context. In: Maxted, N., Ford-Lloyd, B.V., Kell, S.P. Iriondo, J., Dulloo, E. and Turok, J. (eds.) ''Crop Wild Relative Conservation and Use''. Pp. 3-30. CABI Publishing, Wallingford.〕 It was Nikolai Vavilov, the Russian botanist who first realized the importance of crop wild relatives in the early 20th century.〔Vavilov, N.I., (1926). ''Studies in the origin of cultivated plants''. Institute of Applied Botany and Plant Breeding, Leningrad.〕 Genetic material from CWRs has been utilized by humans for thousands of years to improve the quality and yield of crops. Farmers have used traditional breeding methods for millennia, wild maize (''Zea mexicana'') is routinely grown alongside maize to promote natural crossing and improve yields. More recently, plant breeders have utilised CWR genes to improve a wide range of crops like rice (''Oryza sativa''), tomato (''Solanum lycopersicum'') and grain legumes.〔Hajjar, R. and Hodgkin, T., (2007). The use of wild relatives in crop improvement: a survey of developments over the last 20 years. ''Euphytica'', 156: 1-13.〕
CWRs have contributed many useful genes to crop plants, and modern varieties of most major crops now contain genes from their wild relatives.Therefore CWRs are wild plants related to socio-economically important species including food, fodder and forage crops, medicinal plants, condiments, ornamental, and forestry species, as well as plants used for industrial purposes, such as oils and fibres, and to which they can contribute beneficial traits. A CWR can be defined as "... a wild plant taxon that has an indirect use derived from its relatively close genetic relationship to a crop...”〔Maxted, N., Ford-Lloyd, B.V., Jury, S.L., Kell, S.P. and Scholten, M.A. (2006). Towards a definition of a crop wild relative. ''Biodiversity and Conservation'' 15(8):2673-2685.〕
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